What is a SOAP Note?

Explore What does SOAP stand for in medical terms and Examples of SOAP note for various clinical practices

The Importance of Structured Documentation in Healthcare

Medical documentation is not just a legal requirement; it is the foundation of effective patient care. Accurate and organised records enable continuity, interdisciplinary collaboration, and informed decision-making. Among various documentation formats, the SOAP note—standing for Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan—stands out as a universally recognised method.

First introduced by Dr Lawrence Weed in the 1960s, the SOAP format revolutionised how medical records were kept. It aligned with the problem-oriented medical record (POMR) system, offering a clear and logical framework for documenting patient encounters. Over decades, it has evolved from handwritten notes to digital formats, adapting to the demands of modern healthcare systems while retaining its core principles.

This guide delves deeply into the SOAP framework, offering insights into its practical application, evolution, and significance. Whether you are a seasoned practitioner, a trainee, or a stakeholder in healthcare management, this resource provides the foundational knowledge and nuanced understanding needed to harness SOAP effectively.

What does SOAP Note stand for in medical practice terms?

A SOAP note is a standardized documentation method used by healthcare professionals to write clear, organized patient encounter notes. SOAP is an acronym that stands for:

S – Subjective: Patient’s own description of symptoms, feelings, and medical history

Symptoms reported by the patient
Patient’s personal perspective on their condition
Quotes from the patient about their experience

O – Objective: Measurable, observable clinical findings

Vital signs
Physical examination results
Laboratory test outcomes
Diagnostic imaging findings
Measurable clinical data

A – Assessment: Clinical analysis and preliminary diagnosis

Healthcare provider’s interpretation of the subjective and objective data
Working diagnosis or differential diagnoses
Summary of the patient’s current health status

P – Plan: Proposed treatment strategy and next steps

Diagnostic tests ordered
Medications prescribed
Referrals to specialists
Follow-up recommendations
Patient education
Potential interventions

SOAP notes provide a consistent, structured approach to clinical documentation that ensures comprehensive patient information is captured systematically, facilitating clear communication among healthcare providers and supporting continuity of care.

What is a SOAP Note?

A SOAP note is the clinical storyteller’s blueprint – transforming patient interactions into a structured narrative that captures symptoms, observations, professional assessment, and actionable treatment plans, ensuring every healthcare interaction is documented with precision and purpose.” 🩺📝

The SOAP Framework

1. Subjective: Capturing the Patient’s Voice

The “Subjective” component encapsulates information directly provided by the patient, forming the narrative of their experience. This includes:

Chief Complaint (CC): The patient’s primary reason for seeking medical attention.
History of Present Illness (HPI): A detailed exploration of the symptoms, their onset, duration, and progression.
Review of Systems (ROS): A systematic inquiry into other bodily functions to uncover related or secondary concerns.
Medical and Social History: Relevant past conditions, family medical history, and lifestyle factors.

Best Practices:

Employ open-ended questions to elicit detailed responses.
Maintain neutrality, avoiding assumptions or leading questions.
Accurately document the patient’s words, using quotations when necessary to preserve clarity.

2. Objective: Documenting Measurable Findings

The “Objective” section focuses on data gathered through clinical examination and investigations. This includes:

Vital Signs: Temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation.
Physical Examination: Findings observed during the consultation, such as tenderness, rashes, or swelling.
Diagnostics: Results from laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other investigations.

Key Considerations:

Ensure observations are specific, measurable, and unambiguous.
Avoid mixing subjective impressions with factual findings.
Use standardised terminology and units for clarity.

3. Assessment: Synthesising the Problem

The “Assessment” represents the clinician’s interpretation of the data, combining subjective and objective findings to formulate a diagnostic impression. This may involve:

Primary Diagnosis: The most likely explanation for the patient’s condition.
Differential Diagnoses: Other plausible conditions that must be considered or ruled out.
Clinical Correlation: How the gathered information supports or refutes certain possibilities.

Guidelines:

Be concise while ensuring completeness.
Reflect a logical progression from symptoms to diagnosis.
Revisit and revise assessments as new information emerges.

4. Plan: Charting the Path Forward

The “Plan” outlines the steps to manage the patient’s condition. It often includes:

Investigations: Additional tests needed to confirm or refine diagnoses.
Interventions: Medical treatments, including prescriptions, procedures, or referrals.
Follow-up: Timelines for reassessment, progress checks, or further evaluations.

Key Focus Areas:

Prioritise patient-centred care by tailoring plans to individual needs.
Clearly document instructions provided to the patient.
Ensure accountability by specifying who is responsible for each aspect of the plan.

The Evolution of SOAP Notes

From Paper to Digital: A Historical Perspective

The adoption of SOAP notes marked a significant shift in medical documentation. Initially designed for handwritten records, the method has seamlessly transitioned into electronic health records (EHRs). Today, digital templates standardise SOAP entries, offering pre-filled fields and prompts that enhance efficiency.

Integration with Technology

EHR Systems: These have embedded SOAP frameworks to streamline documentation and access.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): Emerging tools now assist in transcribing and organising SOAP notes from spoken interactions.
Telemedicine: SOAP has adapted well to remote consultations, ensuring clarity despite physical separation.

SOAP Notes in Specialised Settings

The SOAP framework is versatile and adaptable, making it indispensable in various clinical settings. While the format remains consistent, its application can vary significantly depending on the nature of the specialty and the unique challenges each field presents. Below is an expanded exploration of how SOAP notes are used in primary care, emergency medicine, and mental health, with detailed examples, insights, and practical considerations.

Primary Care: Managing Chronic Conditions and Routine Visits

Primary care is the cornerstone of healthcare systems, often serving as the first point of contact for patients. SOAP notes in this setting are particularly useful for managing chronic diseases, addressing preventive care, and documenting routine health assessments. Their structured nature ensures that nothing is overlooked, providing a comprehensive record of the patient’s progress and treatment plan.

Using SOAP Notes for Chronic Disease Management

Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma require regular monitoring and adjustments to the treatment plan. SOAP notes provide a framework for systematically documenting these encounters.

Example: Managing a Diabetic Patient

Subjective: The patient reports feeling fatigued and experiencing increased thirst over the past month. They mention occasional dizziness and note difficulty adhering to their prescribed diet.
Objective: Vital signs reveal a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg. Blood glucose levels are elevated at 210 mg/dL (fasting), and HbA1c is 9.2%. Physical examination shows signs of mild peripheral neuropathy.
Assessment: Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, with possible early complications such as neuropathy and hypertension.
Plan:
- Adjust insulin dosage and introduce a newer-generation oral hypoglycaemic agent.
- Recommend dietary adjustments, including consulting a dietitian.
- Prescribe an ACE inhibitor for blood pressure control.
- Schedule a follow-up in two weeks and order additional tests, including lipid profiling and renal function.

This approach allows primary care providers to address multiple aspects of the patient’s condition systematically while ensuring continuity of care. The structured format also ensures that each component is addressed, supporting comprehensive patient management.

Preventive Care and Health Maintenance

Primary care physicians often engage in preventive health services, such as vaccinations, cancer screenings, and lifestyle counselling. SOAP notes help document these interventions effectively.

Example: Preventive Health Screening

Subjective: The patient, a 50-year-old male, visits for a routine check-up. He reports feeling well but has a family history of colorectal cancer. He is concerned about his sedentary lifestyle and mild weight gain.
Objective: BMI is 29. Vital signs are within normal limits. No abnormal findings on physical examination.
Assessment: At increased risk for colorectal cancer due to family history. Overweight, with potential risk for metabolic syndrome.
Plan:
- Recommend a colonoscopy to screen for colorectal cancer.
- Provide dietary counselling and encourage regular physical activity.
- Schedule follow-up in six months to monitor weight and adherence to lifestyle changes.

This structured approach ensures that the patient’s concerns and risk factors are addressed, fostering a proactive stance on health maintenance.

Emergency Medicine: Rapid Decision-Making Under Pressure

Emergency medicine presents unique challenges, as clinicians often operate under time constraints and high-pressure scenarios. The SOAP framework provides a clear structure for organising information rapidly, ensuring that critical details are documented and communicated effectively.

The Role of SOAP in Emergency Settings

In emergencies, the ability to quickly prioritise and act on information is vital. SOAP notes help structure this process, allowing clinicians to document findings systematically while maintaining a focus on urgent care.

Example: Acute Myocardial Infarction

Subjective: A 58-year-old male presents with sudden onset of chest pain radiating to the left arm and jaw. He describes the pain as “crushing” and rates it 8/10. He denies previous similar episodes but mentions a family history of heart disease.
Objective: The patient appears pale and diaphoretic. Blood pressure is 160/95 mmHg, and heart rate is 105 bpm. An ECG shows ST-segment elevation in the anterior leads. Troponin levels are elevated.
Assessment: Acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Plan:
- Administer aspirin (300 mg) and sublingual nitroglycerin.
- Begin oxygen therapy and start an IV line for fluid management.
- Contact the cardiology team and prepare for immediate angioplasty.

The SOAP framework ensures that even in high-stakes scenarios, the patient’s condition is assessed methodically, and the steps taken are well-documented.

SOAP Notes for Trauma Cases

Emergency departments frequently handle trauma cases, where rapid assessment and intervention are critical. SOAP notes can help streamline the process by focusing on key aspects of the patient’s presentation.

Example: Motor Vehicle Accident

Subjective: A 34-year-old female reports severe pain in her right leg following a car accident. She denies loss of consciousness but complains of dizziness and nausea.
Objective: The patient is alert but pale. Blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, and heart rate is 120 bpm. The right leg is visibly deformed with an open fracture. FAST ultrasound reveals free fluid in the abdominal cavity.
Assessment: Hypovolaemic shock secondary to abdominal haemorrhage and open femur fracture.
Plan:
- Initiate fluid resuscitation with normal saline.
- Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics and pain relief.
- Prepare for emergency laparotomy and orthopaedic surgery.

These notes serve as a record of the patient’s initial presentation and the critical interventions performed, which are essential for both continuity of care and medico-legal documentation.

SOAP Notes for Mental Health: Capturing the Nuances of Psychological Assessment

Mental health assessments often involve a blend of subjective experiences and observable behaviours. SOAP notes provide a structured yet flexible framework for documenting psychiatric evaluations while respecting the sensitive and nuanced nature of mental health care.

The Subjective Component in Mental Health

In mental health, the subjective section often dominates, as patients describe their thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Clinicians must carefully document these narratives to guide diagnosis and treatment.

Example: Major Depressive Disorder

Subjective: The patient, a 32-year-old female, reports persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness over the past six months. She describes difficulty concentrating and loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. She denies suicidal ideation but admits to feeling “exhausted and overwhelmed.”
Objective: The patient appears withdrawn and has a flat affect. She speaks softly and avoids eye contact during the session.
Assessment: Major depressive disorder, moderate severity.
Plan:
- Initiate cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with a focus on identifying and restructuring negative thought patterns.
- Start a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) at a low dose.
- Schedule weekly follow-up sessions to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed.

SOAP Notes Assessing Risk

In cases where patients present with acute distress or potential harm to themselves or others, SOAP notes help ensure a thorough and systematic evaluation.

Example: Suicidal Ideation

Subjective: The patient, a 45-year-old male, reports feeling “like a burden” and mentions fleeting thoughts of self-harm. He denies any specific plan but expresses a sense of hopelessness.
Objective: The patient is visibly agitated, with fidgety movements and pressured speech. He frequently looks away when answering questions.
Assessment: High risk for suicide, requiring immediate intervention.
Plan:
- Refer the patient to a crisis intervention team for immediate evaluation.
- Initiate inpatient psychiatric care for stabilisation.
- Discuss safety planning with the patient, including involving family members.

SOAP Notes for Chronic Mental Health Conditions

For long-term conditions such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, SOAP notes help document progress over time and track the effectiveness of interventions.

Example: Bipolar Disorder Maintenance

Subjective: The patient, a 40-year-old male, reports stable mood and energy levels over the past month. He denies manic episodes but notes occasional mild anxiety.
Objective: The patient appears well-groomed and engages appropriately during the session. No signs of agitation or depressive symptoms are noted.
Assessment: Bipolar disorder, currently in remission.
Plan:
- Continue the current medication regimen (lithium).
- Schedule a quarterly review and recommend mindfulness practices for anxiety management.
- Provide contact details for crisis support services in case of symptom escalation.

Additional Considerations for SOAP Notes in Specialised Settings

1. Enhancing Patient-Centred Communication in SOAP Notes

Shared Decision-Making: Explain how SOAP notes can incorporate shared decision-making by documenting patient preferences and collaborative planning, particularly in primary care and mental health settings.
Cultural Sensitivity: Highlight the importance of cultural competence, especially in the subjective and plan components, to respect patient beliefs, language barriers, and healthcare practices.

2. Role of SOAP Notes in Multidisciplinary Care

Collaborative Documentation: Discuss how SOAP notes facilitate communication among teams, particularly in chronic disease management (e.g., primary care working with dietitians, physical therapists, and specialists).
Handoff and Continuity: Emphasise the role of SOAP notes in transitions of care, such as referrals to specialists, emergency department handoffs, or mental health crisis teams.

3. Addressing Unique Challenges in SOAP Documentation

Time Constraints in Emergency Medicine: Offer tips for maintaining thoroughness despite time pressures (e.g., using concise templates or voice-to-text technology).
Capturing Non-Verbal Cues in Mental Health: Stress the importance of documenting non-verbal observations that might not fit neatly into the subjective section but provide critical diagnostic clues.

4. Technology and SOAP Notes

Electronic Health Records (EHR): Provide a detailed overview of how SOAP notes are structured within EHR systems, with examples of how technology streamlines documentation while maintaining patient-specific details.
Artificial Intelligence Integration: Explore the growing role of AI in drafting SOAP notes, analysing patterns, and suggesting differential diagnoses.
Challenges of Digital Documentation: Highlight potential pitfalls such as over-reliance on auto-populated fields and the risk of overlooking unique patient nuances.

5. Specialty-Specific Examples

To deepen the practical value, include additional examples tailored to unique fields:

Paediatrics: How SOAP notes are adapted for non-verbal patients and documentation of parental input.
Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Examples of documenting prenatal care visits or acute presentations like preeclampsia.
Oncology: Documenting the complexity of cancer care, including patient symptoms, treatment responses, and side effects.

6. Quality Improvement Through SOAP Notes

Standardisation Across Settings: Discuss how standardised SOAP notes contribute to quality metrics, such as improved outcomes in chronic disease management or reduced errors in emergency care.
Education and Training: Highlight how SOAP notes are used as a teaching tool in medical education and residency training, with examples of mentoring approaches.

7. Legal and Ethical Implications of SOAP Notes

Legal Documentation Standards: Address how SOAP notes serve as a medico-legal document in case of audits or malpractice claims, ensuring compliance with standards.
Ethical Considerations: Stress the importance of maintaining accuracy and objectivity, avoiding speculation, and documenting consent discussions, especially in mental health and emergency scenarios.

8. Comparative Documentation Styles

Alternative Formats: Briefly compare SOAP notes to other documentation styles (e.g., narrative notes or SBAR [Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation]) and explain why SOAP is often preferred in specific settings.

9. Future Trends in SOAP Documentation

Telehealth Integration: Discuss how SOAP notes are adapted for virtual consultations, ensuring comprehensive documentation even without in-person interactions.
Wearable Technology and Remote Monitoring: Explore how data from devices like fitness trackers or glucose monitors are incorporated into the objective section.
Interoperability: Highlight efforts to make SOAP notes accessible across healthcare systems to improve patient care continuity globally.

10. Practical Tips for Healthcare Professionals

Efficiency in Documentation: Share actionable tips for writing high-quality SOAP notes efficiently, such as prioritising information, using structured templates, and leveraging checklists.
Common Mistakes to Avoid: Outline frequent errors (e.g., omitting key details, mixing subjective and objective findings) and strategies to prevent them.

Key Takeaways

Flexibility Within Structure: SOAP notes provide a structured framework that can be adapted to the unique demands of different medical specialties, ensuring comprehensive and systematic documentation.
Clarity and Communication: The structured format enhances communication between healthcare providers, particularly in fast-paced or multidisciplinary settings.
Patient-Centred Care: By tailoring the subjective and plan components to individual needs, SOAP notes foster personalised care while maintaining clinical precision.

In specialised settings like primary care, emergency medicine, and mental health, SOAP notes prove invaluable in documenting complex scenarios, supporting decision-making, and ensuring continuity of care. By mastering this documentation style, healthcare providers can enhance both the quality of care and the efficiency of their practice.

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FAQs on SOAP Notes for Clinicians in the USA

1. What are SOAP notes, and why are they important in clinical practice?

SOAP notes—Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan—are a standardised method of documenting patient encounters. They are essential for ensuring clarity, continuity, and accuracy in medical records. By structuring information systematically, SOAP notes improve communication among healthcare providers, support clinical decision-making, and fulfil legal and billing requirements.

2. How do I differentiate between Subjective and Objective data in SOAP notes?

Subjective data reflects the patient’s personal experiences, such as symptoms and concerns they describe. In contrast, Objective data includes measurable or observed findings from physical exams, diagnostic tests, or clinical tools. For instance, “fatigue” is subjective, while “blood pressure: 140/90 mmHg” is objective.

3. How can SOAP notes improve patient care in primary care settings?

SOAP notes ensure comprehensive documentation of each encounter, streamlining chronic disease management and preventive care. By capturing detailed subjective complaints and objective findings, clinicians can develop personalised plans. This structure promotes continuity, helping primary care providers monitor progress and adjust treatments effectively.

4. What are common mistakes to avoid when writing SOAP notes?

Common mistakes include:

Mixing subjective and objective data (e.g., assuming patient-reported pain is an observed finding).
Being too vague or incomplete, such as omitting key details in the assessment.
Over-reliance on templates, leading to generic entries.
Failing to document follow-up instructions clearly in the plan section.

5. How are SOAP notes used in emergency medicine?

In emergency settings, SOAP notes facilitate rapid yet thorough documentation. Clinicians use them to prioritise critical details, such as acute symptoms (subjective), immediate clinical observations (objective), provisional diagnoses (assessment), and urgent interventions (plan). This structure supports swift decision-making and seamless communication with multidisciplinary teams.

6. Can SOAP notes be used for mental health documentation?

Yes, SOAP notes are highly effective for mental health documentation. The subjective section captures patient-reported emotions and experiences, while the objective section includes observable behaviours (e.g., flat affect). The assessment synthesises symptoms into a diagnosis, and the plan outlines therapy, medications, and follow-up care.

7. How does technology integrate with SOAP notes in electronic health records (EHRs)?

Most EHR systems incorporate SOAP note templates to standardise documentation. These templates include pre-filled sections, drop-down menus, and auto-population features for efficiency. Additionally, EHRs integrate diagnostic results directly into the objective section, ensuring seamless access to all relevant patient data.

8. What are the legal and compliance considerations for SOAP notes?

SOAP notes must meet legal standards for accuracy and completeness, serving as evidence in audits or malpractice cases. They should avoid speculation, clearly document informed consent, and comply with regulations like HIPAA. Adhering to SOAP ensures accountability and protects both patients and providers.

9. How do SOAP notes differ from other documentation styles, such as narrative notes?

SOAP notes offer a structured format, ensuring clarity and focus, whereas narrative notes are freeform and often lack standardisation. SOAP notes are ideal for systematic clinical records, while narrative notes may be more suitable for complex, nuanced storytelling, such as in psychiatry.

10. How can clinicians write efficient yet detailed SOAP notes?

Clinicians can save time by:

Using EHR templates for common conditions.
Practising concise yet precise documentation, focusing on clinically relevant details.
Developing shorthand for frequent observations.
Reviewing SOAP notes during downtime to refine efficiency without sacrificing accuracy.

11. Can SOAP notes be used in telehealth consultations?

Yes, SOAP notes adapt well to telehealth. Subjective data comes from the patient’s history shared during the call, while objective data relies on vital sign readings provided by patients (e.g., at-home blood pressure monitors) or observations made via video. The assessment and plan follow the same structure.

12. How should differential diagnoses be documented in the Assessment section of SOAP notes?

Differential diagnoses should be listed in order of likelihood, supported by subjective and objective findings. For example, if a patient presents with chest pain, the assessment might list “acute coronary syndrome” as the primary diagnosis, followed by “musculoskeletal pain” and “gastro-oesophageal reflux disease” as alternatives.

13. How do SOAP notes support billing and coding in the USA?

SOAP notes provide the documentation necessary for accurate billing and coding. They outline the medical necessity of treatments, diagnostic procedures, and interventions. Clear and detailed notes support appropriate reimbursement and reduce the risk of claim denials or audits.

14. What role do SOAP notes play in interdisciplinary care?

SOAP notes ensure seamless communication between healthcare professionals. For example, in chronic disease management, they allow specialists, primary care providers, and allied health professionals to collaborate effectively by sharing consistent, structured records that reflect the patient’s progress and plan of care.

15. What are the future trends in SOAP note documentation?

Future trends include the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to automate note-taking, summarise patient data, and suggest differential diagnoses. Voice recognition software and wearable health devices are also increasingly feeding real-time data into the objective section, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of SOAP documentation.